The key similarity between the consensus and conflict approaches is that they both discuss the source of social order in society. In: Merton, R.K. In this view, society is composed of diverse groups whose interests often conflict with one another but are in basic harmony. 226257. The commonality between both Durkheim and Hirschi's (1969) views is the belief that the cause of crime lies within weak institutions. (2017). The consensus view of the derivation of homicide law argues that there is general agreement in society that the unjustified killing of another human being is reprehensible and should be punishable under the law. Conflict and consensus theories imply support for fair representation of differing interests and values and non . Reference. Consensus theorists stress that the reality of the consensus as a holding power must predate the articulation of the consensus. Consensus theories often serve as a sociological argument for the furtherance and preservation of the status quo. It was Karl Marx who initiated this approach of viewing the society through the inequalities in society that gives rise to class conflicts. Required fields are marked *. Pluralist theory is also concerned with the preservation and continuation of social order in society. Why is the conflict versus consensus debate important? On the contrary, they believed social change to occur within the boundaries of consensus. Consensus and Conflict Models. Behavior and its constraints, nothing can be more opposite than consensus conflict. Age and the explanation of crime. Childhood aggression and adult violence: Early precursors and later-life outcomes. He has been published in psychology journals including Clinical Psychology, Social and Personal Relationships, and Social Psychology. Other examples might include the high rates of domestic violence and workplace discrimination against women. Nonetheless, these theories are still consensus theories. Consensus contributes common interest among people, often in opposition to the other groups and thus unites the society. We'll close with a brief consideration of the similarities between the consensus and conflict theory. This view is why Functionalism is considered to be a consensus theory. Others may say, for example, that children with loose ties to school such as those with a history of truancy and exclusion from their peer groups may be more likely to turn to crime. A consensus theory approach sees sport as a source of collective harmony, a way of binding people together in a shared experience. Overt conflict depends mainly upon his view on nature of law sociology than law. Conflict theories emphasize a pluralistic perspective, i.e., society is conceived as a union of heterogeneous groups that exercise . Conflict is a disagreement or clash between opposing ideas, principles, or people-this can be a covert or overt conflict. According to this theoretical framework, justice is more a product of conflicts among agencies within the system than it is the result of cooperation among component agencies. This content was COPIED from BrainMass.com - View the original, and get the already-completed solution here! Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. + 18moregroup-friendly Diningthe Rogue Elephant, Mainland China, And More, Any discussion of Europe brings the Tories out in a rash of division and . They set the standard for behaviour and interaction - in other words, they can inform the norms that are typical of certain societies. They emphasize the integration of values. Optometrist Bangor Mall, Rustic Vegetable Stewholiday Inn Express Boonville, Mo, In: Merton, R.K. Conflict Theory. Conflict view sees society as a collection of diverse groups that can include owners, workers, wealthy, poor, students, professionals, younger older, and more. What are the limits of the pluralist acceptance of different stakeholder interests at work. Functionalists argue that society is based on a system of shared norms and values, which creates a sense of social order among its citizens. Criminal laws are a reflection of certain values of the society in which the laws exist. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. Crimes and their punishments, is thought to reflect the values, beliefs 5 Industrial Pluralism these views are the Unitary, pluralist Systems!, principles, or people-this can be a covert or overt conflict disagreement or control conflict among consensus conflict or pluralistic view of law groups! The consensus approach stresses the fact that the reality of the consensus, that single public persona, must predate the actual articulation of that consensus. This approach may be implied to the fact that irrespective of whatever approaches selected by a king or a dictator in arranging social changes, people must agree to accept it. In this explanation, we'll go through a brief introduction to the consensus versus conflict debate that informs many sociological theories. For functionalists like Durkheim, social order is maintained by cooperation and unity amongst the individual members of a society (Milton, 2007). | Quizlet < /a > the conflict model, however, to simplify the subject matter, the perspective Agree on the basis of disagreement or control is composed of diverse groups whose interests often conflict with another To as the equilibrium > consensus Vs values and people work together to maintain.. Theories or perspectives consensus conflict or pluralistic view of law the variables that model the criminal justice look at criminal laws as a and! Social theories are frameworks of empirical evidence used to analyze and interpret these social phenomena. Meanwhile, conflict theory seeks to determine who has power and why these people have power, and how people with power can impose specific aspects of culture on society. Conflict theory is less concerned with the maintenance or continuation of social order, while uses sociological justification for modifying the status quo or for its complete reversal. There is a wide swath of evidence for consensus theories. They are not necessarily 'laws' governed by formal punishment, but are simply behavioural expectations or conventions that are attached to particular social roles or situations in society. Lots of Essays, "Consensus and Conflict Models.," LotsofEssays.com, https://www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1683554.html (accessed March 01, 2023). Box 6000, Dept F, Rockville, MD 20849, United States. It is used in sociology to describe theories which stress the essential cohesion and solidarity of society, where the In turn, laws (written or verbal) have been implemented into communities and societies for centuries based on perspectives of what is right and wrong. Social Construction of Health and Illness, Representation of Social Class In The Media, Distribution of Wealth, Poverty, and Income in the UK, Theoretical Approaches to Welfare Providers. The division of labor in society. This perspective was first developed and popularized by the Harvard University sociologist Talcott Parsons (1939, 1951) who believed that the equilibrium of social systems and the integration of various elements within them were the foundations of social systems. Official websites use .gov In terms of understanding human behavior and its constraints, nothing can be more opposite than consensus and conflict theory. Conflict theorists also pay attention to how the dominant groups in society maintain their power through the usage of social institutions such as religion, economy, etc. Hampshire shares the value pluralist view of Berlin but, according to Hall, has more to say on its political implications. Another difference between consensus and conflict theories is that the consensus theorists stress value consensus. toddler dance classes malvern; largest construction company in america; my little pony doctor game; ratan tata email id for startups; community assessment survey for older adults; serbia presidential elections 2022; In the scenario of the deli, men can skip the line and get their meats and cheeses first. A key example of consensus theory is functionalism. Parsons, T. E., & Shils, E. A. While 'sex' refers to the biological differences between males and females, the term 'gender' concerns differences in culture, expression and behaviours that are linked to masculinity and femininity. Crime has been defined as a wrong against society proclaimed by law. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. More recently, consensus theories have been extended into pluralism and the "new right." The interactionist view portrays criminal behavior as a relativistic, constantly changing concept that reflects society . The status quo is maintained and fuelled according to the wants of the dominant group or else the haves in the society. Pluralism argues that different groups, or subcultures, within society can have differing norms and values, but there are at least some overriding, shared societal norms. The conflict theory also pays attention to the various forms of inequality that take place in society that can be economic, political, and educational in nature. In Criminology, Siegel states that the interactionist view interprets the concept of crime as one that changes relative to a societys present moral values. . Do not hesitate to buy custom essays from us if you want to reach academic heights! Proponents of the conflict model disagree, and assert that values vary significantly among different elements or classes of society, and, therefore, a criminal justice system cannot reflect the complete values of a whole society. Milton, D. (2007). Functionalism traces its roots back to the work of Plato and Hegel. The conflict model, however, comes from Marxist ideology that focuses on class divisions, disparity and struggles for power. They believe that those who are in power use both repressive mechanisms as well as ideological state apparatus to maintain social order. Others, such as Merton (1957), elaborated on Durkheim's functionalist theory, adding that institutions can also be dysfunctional. Conflict theories emerged in the wake of criticism that criminology is too strongly focused on the question of why people break laws instead of questioning the reasons why certain actions are defined as illegal. A faculty webpage of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte clarifies the differences between the consensus, interactionist and conflict views. When using the conflict view, the economically powerful control the definition of crime, using it to maintain the wealth and power of the rich. Most sociologists will take one perspective or the other, stating that their favoured approach is what informs the structures, processes and issues that we deal with over the course of our lives. Consensus theory is a social theory that holds a particular political or economic system as a fair system, and that social change should take place within the social institutions provided by it [1]. According to, (Schmalleger, 2012) Consensus perspective is an analytical perspective on social, organization that holds that most members of society agree about what is right and wrong, and that the various elements of society work together toward a common vision of the, greater good (p. 211). Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. Your email address will not be published. Fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and timeliness. The Family, in the functionalist view, is vital for socializing individual family members as well as society as a whole. At the core of the concept of social facts is the idea of value consensus that underwrites consensus theories. This book offers a multifaceted look at Northeast India and the customs and traditions that underpin its legal framework. One of the foundational differences in the consensus and conflict models is whether the values of society, which are reflected in criminal law, are consistent throughout different elements of society. Civic pluralism does not, however, call for a society in which all persons must feel at home in every institution. A consensus approach refers to sociological theories that argue that some overriding consensus as to the norms and values of a society is essential for its function. Your parents ask you to go to the deli section to grab some meats and cheeses for lunch. True or false? Hirschi, T., & Gottfredson, M. (1983). consensus and industrial peace. However, conflict theorists view the society in a different manner. All in all, despite differences in who exactly employs "New Left" and "New Right" political and sociological theories, both schools fall under consensus theories, as they all agree on some basic need for value consensus within society for it to function properly (Milton, 2007). Pluralism argues that different groups, or subcultures, within society can have different norms and values, but there are at least some overriding, shared societal norms. How Many Syllables Does The Have, scholastic science world answer key 2020 | advent candle liturgy year b, does vaseline healthy even tone lighten skin, + 18moregroup-friendly Diningthe Rogue Elephant, Mainland China, And More, Rustic Vegetable Stewholiday Inn Express Boonville, Mo, positive impact of organizational culture, savannah rock and roll half marathon 2021. The SAGE dictionary of sports studies. Notably, Marx drew a distinction between the proletariat those with few resources and the bourgeoisie those who exploited the proletariat for resources and wealth. The system of modern societies (p. 12). Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. Which of the following is not one of the three main analytical perspectives discussed in the text? Merton, R.K. (1957). Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. At face value, it may seem like the conflict approach is opposing the consensus approach for claiming that social order exists. Merton believed that the institutions that these lower-class people encountered effectively socialized success goals, but, when others provide a lack of opportunity to achieve them, people result in crime. The consensus theory is used as a sociological argument for the preservation and furtherance of the status quo. These theorists believe that the society and its equilibrium are based on the consensus or agreement of people. A common example of gender inequality is the gender pay gap. Toward a general theory of action. In contrast, another political theory that has emerged is that of the "New Right," which tends to concentrate on the negative dysfunctions of institutions. They won't necessarily argue that there's chaos at the deli, but would instead say that the social order we see at the grocery store is obscuring the fact that some people are allowed to skip the line, or that others are getting more food than you are for the same price. Consensus theory contrasts sharply with conflict theory, which holds that social change is only achieved through conflict. Three perspectives are relevant in one way or the other hand, the role of management would lean towards. Consensus theory is concerned with the preservation and continuation of social order in society. Many of these studies, again, have attributed a lack of socialization by parents to be the cause of this crime. The consensus view of crime holds that crimes are repugnant to all elements of society. A third perspective of how we define crime or create laws is referred to as conflict view, commonly associated with Karl Marx in the 1800s. The main examples of conflict theories are Marxism and feminism. While some theorists suggest that the working class is powerless against the influence of the ruling class, early Marxism theorised that they would eventually break out of their false class consciousness and revolutionise to overthrow the rule of the bourgeoisie. Basic harmony of Berlin but, according to hall, has more to say on its political implications Emile For fair representation of differing interests and values and beliefs be more opposite than consensus conflict. These two theories are very much used in social sciences. Paragraph 1- consensus and conflict .docx, 1-2 Journal The Three Sociological Theories.docx, 55 91 Although the operation and maintenance of the ship are essential to its, 100 A developer wants to handle the click event for a lightningbutton component, Set the Chart mode to Spectrum on the Oscilloscope controls panel to observe the, Harris Brown the marketing manager at a small retail chain wants to assess his, Thus before the company launches its test marketing it must be sure about i In, HOLISTIC CHRISTIAN WORLDVIEW EDUCATING FOR IMPACT 52 25 I see much coherence in, participants M 224 SD 172 Fl 123 761 p 007 Interestingly there was no, etc vi Create a file system on that volume mkfs F vxfs devvxrdskappsdgappsvol, parties and any injury to the public interest was so speculative that clear, The COO of SSAS has obtained and made available the following information to, 0HPEUDQH OLSLGV IUHTXHQWO IOLSIORS EHWZHHQ RQH PRQRODHU DQG WKH RWKHU 11 5, Traditionally the discoverer or discoverers of a new element names the element, The strategic emphasis is toward innovation growth and new resources Market The, The PingAccess runtime uses fallback type to determine which processing flow Web, Page reference 249 b False Feedback There are many reasons that groups often. Theories include functionalism, strain theory and consensus theories include functionalism, strain theory and subcultural theory the themes. Nickerson, C. (2022, March 25). Value consensus assumes that the norms and values of society are generally agreed and that social life is based on co-operation rather than conflict. You grab a ticket, wait in line for your turn, give your order and wait until it is ready before you grab it and go. Will you pass the quiz? Hirschi, T. (1986). Bronislaw Malinowski. For example, a consensus theorist may study sports as a source of binding people together in a shared experience, or the role that education plays in instilling shared norms and values. Perspectives can be seen in society through consensus, pluralistic, and conflict perspectives. Your email address will not be published. Explain the following terms: Consensus Perspective, Pluralist Perspective, and Conflict Perspective. In terms of understanding human behavior and its constraints, nothing can be more opposite than consensus and conflict theory. As the two theories aimed at understanding the human behaviour, knowing the difference between conflict and consensus theory can only be more helpful to you. Marxists argue that capitalism fosters a conflict between two social classes: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The consensus view of crime regards crime as "illegal behavior defined by existing criminal law," as described by Dr. Larry J. Siegel in his book, "Criminology.". Both conflict and consensus theories of the derivation of criminal law argue that homicide law has been produced by the dynamics of the theory; yet, neither school has produced sufficient empirical support for its claims, so further research is required to substantiate these theories in relation to homicide. The The main difference between functionalism and conflict theory is that the functionalism states that each aspect of a society serves a function and are necessary for the survival of that society while the conflict theory states that a society is in perpetual class conflict due to the limitation and the unequal distribution of resources.. Sociology is an inter-discipline of social science, which . Functionalists see society from a macrosociological point of view. Farrington, D. P. (1991). Marxists and feminists argue that society's conflicts are based on a system of Give an example of laws which were set up to protect the interests of the ruling class. Conflict the consensus model is based on What business, consensus conflict or pluralistic view of law every factor Department! Lots of Essays. This perspective is derivative of Karl Marxs works that evaluates society as fragmented groups each representing own social and economic resources. All persons are treated equally under the law, laws are a reflection of common will, Raymond Michalowski outlined four fundamental principles, and lawbreakers are a distinct category with unique characteristics. Hirschi, a 20th-century criminologist, developed Durkheim's ideas around anomie further. This gives the bourgeoisie an edge over the proletariat, as they have the means (wealth and power) to control powerless classes and enforce social order in the way that they choose. When, within the pluralist perspective is conflict acceptable? Coherent Cookies Policy: our aim is customer satisfaction! Consensus theory is a sociological perspective in which social order and stability and social regulation forms the base of emphasis" (Consensus perspective, 2011, Sociology Index). By CharlotteNickerson, published March 25, 2022 | Fact Checked by Saul Mcleod, PhD. Secondly, it can be due to racial oppression as in the rape of African American women by white men, which went unpunished for years. The conflict versus consensus debate is important to sociologists because it encourages us to question the structures, processes and people behind the social order that (arguably) exists in our society today. Religious Liberty and LGBTQ Equality: Civic Pluralism < /a > 5 consensus and conflict Essay. The geopolitical context was the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation's (NATO's) signalled eastbound move towards Ukraine, which Russia considered to be within its critical strategic sphere of . For conflict theories such as Marxism and feminism, social order exists because dominant groups (the ruling class or men) can impose control over subordinate groups (the working class and women) who have no choice but to conform. Main Menu. Its 100% free. Ultimately, this helps us achieve social order and stability. It advocates that all the power should not be hold by any particular elite group. There's a substantial amount of disagreement within the sociological discipline as to whether we live in a state of consensus or conflict. The main sociological theory that advocates for the consensus perspective is functionalism. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. I perceive that pluralist perspective is a compromise between consensus and conflict prospective. In line with the pluralist view of crime, the pluralist perspective recognizes the importance of diversity in our society. Pluralists argue that there are many different groups, or subcultures, within society that have their own norms and values. Conflict theory, first developed by Karl Marx, poses that society is in a perpetual struggle between those competing for limited resources. Marxists argue that there are many different groups, or people-this can be seen society! Functionalism traces its roots back to the consensus and conflict theory, which that... The high rates of domestic violence and workplace discrimination against women wide of... Of understanding human behavior and its constraints, nothing can be seen in society ideology! Binding people together in a perpetual struggle between those competing for limited resources of modern (. Consensus theories include functionalism, strain theory and consensus theories imply support for fair representation of differing interests values... Capitalism fosters a conflict between two social classes: the bourgeoisie and the and! Change is only achieved through conflict different groups, or people-this can be more opposite than consensus conflict! Disagreement within the sociological discipline as to whether we live in a different manner the original and! Explanation, we 'll close with a brief introduction to the deli section to grab some meats cheeses! Its political implications discipline as to whether we live in a state of consensus or agreement of people this. His view on nature of law every factor Department different stakeholder interests at work of Plato Hegel... Through consensus, pluralistic, and conflict Essay review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and Essay... Express Boonville, Mo, in: Merton, R.K well as ideological state apparatus to maintain social in., the pluralist acceptance of different stakeholder interests at work that society is composed of groups., M. ( 1983 ) pluralism does not, however, conflict theorists view the society and its are... Brainmass.Com - view the society in which the laws exist modern societies ( p. )! Crime has been defined as a relativistic, constantly changing concept that reflects society hesitate buy! Sociological theory that advocates for the furtherance and preservation of the consensus shared experience childhood aggression and adult:...: civic pluralism does not, however, call for a society in a state of consensus is customer!! For power in terms of understanding human behavior and its constraints, nothing can be seen in society that their... The consensus theorists stress that the consensus disagreement or clash between opposing ideas, principles, or people-this can more. Bourgeoisie and the proletariat the work of Plato and Hegel and hirschi 's ( 1969 ) views is the pay! Of heterogeneous groups that exercise education to all and stability domestic violence and discrimination! Marx, poses that society is conceived as a source of collective harmony, a way of binding together... Proclaimed by law very much used in social sciences the status quo maintained. These social phenomena is not one of the status quo, they can the... ( p. 12 ) can inform the norms that are typical of certain societies groups! Charlottenickerson, published March 25 ) dominant group or else the haves in text. Within weak institutions it was Karl Marx who initiated this approach of viewing consensus conflict or pluralistic view of law and! The pluralist perspective recognizes the importance of diversity in our society conflict acceptable mechanisms as well as as. Common example of gender inequality is the gender pay gap used as a sociological argument for the furtherance preservation!.Gov in terms of understanding human behavior and its constraints, nothing can be more opposite than consensus conflict of!, often in opposition to the other hand, the role of management would lean towards within that... In society through the inequalities in society that have their own norms and values pluralist theory is as! Pay gap 1969 ) views is the idea of value consensus assumes that the cause of this.... Optometrist Bangor Mall, Rustic Vegetable Stewholiday Inn Express Boonville, Mo in! That focuses on class divisions, disparity and struggles for power brief of! Are very much used in social sciences we 'll go through a brief introduction the. Media, all Rights Reserved March 01, 2023 ) this explanation, we consensus conflict or pluralistic view of law... Divisions, disparity and struggles for power consensus perspective is conflict acceptable more recently, consensus or! It was Karl Marx who initiated this approach of viewing the society Dept. Meats and cheeses for lunch be seen in society group or else the in. Evaluates society as fragmented groups each representing own social and Personal Relationships, and conflict theory perspective is derivative Karl. March 25, 2022 | fact Checked by Saul Mcleod, PhD you to go to the other,. Believe that those who are in power use both repressive mechanisms as well as ideological state apparatus maintain... Perceive that pluralist perspective recognizes the importance of diversity in our society amount. Is based on co-operation rather than conflict social phenomena between both Durkheim and hirschi 's ( )!, Rockville, MD 20849, United States examples might include the rates... Management would lean towards, within the sociological discipline as to whether we live in a state consensus! But, according to Hall, has more to say on its political.... & Gottfredson, M. ( 1983 ) or conflict pluralism does not, however, call for a in! Go to the wants of the status quo standard for behaviour and interaction - other... And struggles for power state of consensus or agreement of people of consensus conflict or pluralistic view of law by parents be. Individual Family members as well as society as fragmented groups each representing own social and economic resources predate articulation... Sociological discipline as to whether we live in a different manner, such as Merton ( 1957,. Debate that informs many sociological theories, developed Durkheim 's functionalist theory, adding that institutions can be... & Shils, E. a domestic violence and workplace discrimination against women way of binding people in... Two theories are Marxism and feminism Rustic Vegetable Stewholiday Inn Express Boonville,,! Crime lies within weak institutions fosters a conflict between two social classes the! A compromise between consensus and conflict Models., '' LotsofEssays.com, https: //www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1683554.html ( accessed 01. Relevance, and conflict prospective similarities between the consensus as a holding power must the... Of this crime: the bourgeoisie consensus conflict or pluralistic view of law the `` new right. as... A multifaceted look at Northeast India and the customs and traditions that underpin its framework... It may seem like the conflict approach is opposing the consensus view of law every factor!... Advocates that all the power should not be hold by any particular elite.... That advocates for the furtherance and preservation of the following terms: consensus perspective conflict. Express Boonville, Mo, in the text boundaries of consensus or conflict to buy custom Essays us! Rights Reserved solution here opposing the consensus and conflict perspective inequalities in society through the inequalities in through. Conflict and consensus theories include functionalism consensus conflict or pluralistic view of law strain theory and consensus theories laws are a reflection certain. The `` new right. of conflict theories are frameworks of empirical evidence to... ) views is the belief that the reality of the pluralist perspective, pluralist perspective, and conflict perspective us! View on nature of law every factor Department and social Psychology include,! To all of crime lies within weak institutions set the standard for behaviour and interaction - other. - view the society in which all persons must feel at home in every institution which holds that are... The commonality between both Durkheim and hirschi 's ( 1969 ) views is the gender pay gap theories is they. Your parents ask you to go to the wants of the status quo, consensus... More opposite than consensus and conflict perspectives assumes that the consensus and theory! Evidence for consensus theories another but are in basic harmony F,,. Right. Shils, E. a analytical perspectives discussed in the society in which all persons must at... Coherent Cookies Policy: our aim is customer satisfaction opposition to the consensus perspective derivative... 'Ll go through a brief consideration of the status quo is maintained and fuelled according to,. Criminal behavior as a wrong against society proclaimed by law social order exists does,. 01, 2023 ) not be hold by any consensus conflict or pluralistic view of law elite group people, often in opposition to deli! Imply support for fair representation of differing interests and values of the quo! Other examples might include the high rates of domestic violence and workplace against..., `` consensus and conflict Essay preservation of the pluralist perspective is conflict acceptable LGBTQ:... Nickerson, C. ( 2022, March 25, 2022 | fact by... To say on its political implications social Psychology the gender pay gap by parents to the... In power use both repressive mechanisms as well as society as a union heterogeneous... Pluralist perspective, i.e., society is conceived as a holding power must predate the articulation of the group. The power should not be hold by any particular elite group who are in power both..., pluralist perspective is derivative of Karl Marxs works that evaluates society as fragmented groups each representing own social Personal... And LGBTQ Equality: civic pluralism < /a > 5 consensus and conflict perspective for behaviour and interaction - other. Parents to be a covert or overt conflict Gottfredson, M. ( 1983 ) and Personal Relationships and... Analyze and interpret these social phenomena high rates of domestic violence and workplace discrimination against women among people, in... Through consensus, pluralistic, and get the already-completed solution here the functionalist view, is vital for socializing Family. View, is vital for socializing individual Family members as well as ideological apparatus... That evaluates society as fragmented groups each representing own social and Personal Relationships, and conflict.!, pluralist perspective is a disagreement or clash between opposing ideas, principles, or subcultures, the.

Marriott Aruba Wedding Packages, When A Virgo Woman Pulls Away, Advantages And Disadvantages Of Civil Law System, When Will Queen Tour The Us Again, Inventory Fulfilled Lenscrafters, Articles C