Guinea fowl are known to be prolific breeders. As a matter of fact, chickens may not fight back, making it more of some games for guineas than an act of aggression. They love to roam while searching for food in the field given that they are free-range birds. Performance & security by Cloudflare. 1. Excellent info filled article. 1. They free-range and will naturally roost in trees if left without a shelter to sleep in. I am a single mother of four, I was born in Israel and raised in an agricultural commune called a Kibbutz. I have a post on the blog titled Raising Muscovy Ducks. This would substantially reduce the noise that Guinea hens make. First, you must make certain that you live in an area where you are permitted to keep poultry. Chickens evolved from jungle fowl, and guineas evolved from grasslands or savanna fowl, and so chickens will seek a dark secluded space, and guineas just the opposite.. It was racing across her yard, body still as can be, but feet moving so fast that I could not focus on them. Just be sure to provide what they need while in the coop. On certain occasions, you will see your guinea fowl walking back and forth along the fence while squawking before they spot the gate opening a few inches away. WebHere are some tips for how to get rid of guinea fowl: 1) Put up an electric fence 2) Use a motion sensor sprinkler system 3) Use a motion-activated water gun Your email address will not be published. I got them anyway. more. Incubate the eggs and raise them as you would day old keets that you purchased. Which is A good thing. But rest assured, I knew that there was life on my homestead! I just happened to come across your article and , absolutely, loved it! 3. Everything You Should Know. Can I raise guineas in a cold climate? They love a high protein diet so if you need to choose feed, choose a laying hens feed that has at least 16% protein in it. Guinea fowl can be seen walking across the property in groups, pecking at insects and bugs with nearly every step they take. If you choose to raise guinea fowl for meat you have to take into consideration that it might be hard to catch them if they are free-range. Know the downfalls. Hello There, I am wondering if someone/anyone can tell me how to keep my guineas off of my front porch and away from the back door. Hawk, hawk, hawk! Therefore, I am not going to say that they arent great birds to keep because you are probably very different than me. Guineas cannot see very well in the dark. Thank you, Judy! I also kept them in the same outdoor kennel for 3 months and never let them out and when I did let them out we grabbed them and trimmed their flight feathers so they couldnt just fly away right away. If you have any knowledge about Guineas, then you know that they are very noisy birds, you can never keep them totally quiet, but you can keep them quiet by training them. Guineas are experts at hunting down pests like ticks, fleas, Japanese beetles, and tomato horn worms without tearing up garden plants. Guineafowl have been shown to act as a deterrent to foxes. You can learn more about the different colors here. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Is gardening with guinea fowl possible? I was devastated. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); document.getElementById( "ak_js_3" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Put them in a zip lock bag, away from where your dog can reach. Jackie Miller, then-president of the Waynesville Garden Club, drove to my home in the country in disbelief to see the damaged flowers for herself. Recently, American public lands have garnered attention across the media. Satisfy the Needs of Your Guinea Fowls: 3. My ex-husband wanted to raise guinea fowl. They roost high in the trees, and lay their eggs in a nest on the ground. But if you are looking into them for meat and egg production you must know that their wild nature makes it harder to harvest anything. If the flower was nice, the leaves were filled with holes. If you find this pleasurable, go ahead and get a few guineas. Remove the Noisiest of Them from the Flock : As we have already said, Guinea fowls are social animals; therefore, they learn from the behavior of 2. Guineafowl have been shown to act as a deterrent to foxes. The content of this website is not meant to be a substitute for professional medical advice. The numbers of actual guineas being sold is paltry (paltry poultry! People laugh when they first visit, says Cara Sammons who, along with her family and her husband Devin Shepard, started Flying Goat Farm, an 11-acre goat and cheese farm in Acton, Maine. Rethink:Rural celebrates the virtues of country living and helps those who are searching for a rural lifestylefind the answers they need: learn why so many people are choosing rural life, plus get practical information on how to buy land and shape it to suit your dreams. Eating Guinea Fowl Meat. If you observe the guineas, you may be able to spot where the females are nesting. Hello everyone and welcome to the blog. Fly Away Little Guinea Please help me get rid of these creatures. WebUnlike chickens (which generally do best with one rooster for a flock of hens), guinea fowl do well with one cock for each hen. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. I dont have any at this time but do plan to get some. But, if you raise guineas in a cold, snowy climate you might need to provide them with shelter. When it comes to fly and mosquito control they are my personal go to. The types of noise guinea fowls make are called calls, and there are two types: This task is difficult but not impossible. One nest can have more than 40 eggs at once. They eat garden pests I think that this is their greatest advantage! They love cars and will spend some minutes admiring their reflection in the windshield or any reflective material. I have no clue why no one was sitting on it but I could see that it was an active nest. They breed a lot and frequently. An easy way to solve this problem and reduce the noisiness of Guinea hens is to provide a male for mating. Coop De Chickenville~My Favorite Chickens and Life, Current Social Media Chicken Feed Craze - posted testing results. Ducks were fun to raise, but their droppings were very messy and were kept confined for that reason alone. If you have adult guinea hens that lay fertile eggs you can collect the eggs and hatch them in the incubator, let the guinea hen go broody and hatch them, or stick them under a broody chicken (Ive never tried it but heard of people that added guinea eggs to a Silky nest). It is not uncommon to see them following the riding mower around the yard, grabbing bugs and insects stirred up by the mower. Stay tuned for the first newsletter in the morning, straight to your inbox. This myth-busting article sets the record straight about the basics of buying rural land in the post-pandemic 21st century. Gibson recommends fully integrating before the guinea keets reach six weeks, when they are still naturally deferent to older birds. Where you can probably catch most chickens rather easily, you might need to shoot a guinea as you would shoot a wild turkey. Originally published inBackyard Poultry June / July 2008 and regularly vetted for accuracy. Put the feed away from the house, offer treats away from the house, etc. Um yes There are a few things that you should really consider before you decide to raise guinea fowl. Required fields are marked *. You probably dont want to hear this but I found a bunch millipedes last week and gave them to the chickens and they wouldnt touch them. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. These incidents show you how daft your guinea fowl can be. Providing the needs of your birds is a very good way of reducing the noise. The hang aroudn the chicken coop most of the time sometimes do a circle of the house. Sustainable Living They stay in their group and arent exactly available for cuddling. When they are resting at night in the properly lit coop, try to minimize the entry of people and things into the coop so that they would not be startled. I am a Guinea lover I think they are amazing birds. I love my homestead but really, the guineas were one of the reasons that I was so happy to leave that year. WebPut the guinea eggs under a broody hen. When scared and running away, guinea fowl can crush into a barrier such as a fence. They can cross streets, wander into your neighbors compound, wreck havoc on other farm animals, and push limits of their available living spaces. Others in the room may have been tuned into the speaker and laughing at whatever was being said at the time, but I was focused on these birds and my laughter was directed at what was going on outside that window. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and are used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Also, do some herding to guide them to where they should be especially at night. WebHere are some tips for how to get rid of guinea fowl: 1) Put up an electric fence 2) Use a motion sensor sprinkler system 3) Use a motion-activated water gun For now, feel free to continue reading. Sometimes they seriously fight their own reflections in the mirror or glass. The ticks, insect bites, grasshoppers, Japanese beetles and other obnoxious bugs were making me miserable, and those pests were destroying my flowers as soon as they would bloom. We are looking for natural tick and flea control on about 2 acres, but want to keep them on our property,Is that possible? Walk in the area you want them to hang out, and toss them scratch, or whatever they like. The best discovery was that my perennials were blooming and they were no longer bug infested. These birds also lay eggs where they want, making it really difficult to account for each laid egg on specific days. So, before you run out and purchase a flock of keets (guinea young), read on for answers to some of your most pressing guinea fowl questions. They will squawk and scream until they are reunited. Guineas will make your stink bug annoyances disappear in a matter of weeks. Where do you get guinea fowl? It is understandable that all types of birds-both domestic and wild-strive to establish a pecking order. I highly recommend looking on one of those groups for ideas regarding keeping them out of your neighbors yard! According to theComplete Guide to Poultry Breedsby Melissa Nelson, Guineasare raucous and protective of their territories, making them ideal barnyard alarm systems.. Most of them have been domesticated with more or less success for hundreds of years. Guineas take care of ticks, grasshoppers, Japanese beetles and other obnoxious bugs in your garden without wrecking your plants. Because guineas are flock-oriented and highly territorial, its important to introduce them into an existing flock of chickens when theyre young. I didn't have any issues until last year. Most of you raise Guinea fowls for their meat, their egg, and to control pests. Hi! Though nighttime is for resting, guineas can be quite restless and noisy at night because they dont see in the dark. Is there anything you can recommend? We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. If they roam around and free-range the homestead there is about a 90% chance that they are going to keep focusing on their loud conversation with each other and the pests instead of ruining your flower beds. I'm not sure why, but you never know how good they've gotta have it in order to stay where they ought to. Wild guineas eat mainly insects, and domestic guineas can consume large amounts of insects without affecting garden vegetables or flowers. Lee, feel free to share my email with Michelle so I can explain my system. WebKeeping Guinea Fowl - 3 Tips for Urban Guinea Fowl. I don't own guineas. Except you get rid of all of them, there is no way you can keep them entirely quiet forever. Considering getting for tick control for large yard and adjacent naturalized hillside. They really have a wild nature. [2] They are noisy, so 1. They will squawk and screech at every instance; no matter how little the external stimulus is, it can trigger them. When he is not farming you can find him at the nearest lawn tennis court, hitting a mean backhand down the line. They dont scratch well, they do, a little bit but nothing like chickens. At the same time, the noise alerts you in case of danger lurking on your poultry farm. There are three varieties of guineas. It was a nightmare. I started dozens of seeds of nearly every type I could get my hands on and filled my greenhouse benches. Dozens of enthusiasts joined Gibson at the recent Guinea Fowl International Conference in Kent, Ohio, held in September. Before you run out and purchase guinea keets (baby guineas), fertile guinea eggs, or older adult guinea fowl, there are some important factors to take into consideration. I always tell people, if youre expecting chickens, you should not get guineas, saysCindy Gibson, president ofGuinea Fowl International. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. I came back to the last remaining 2. Wild guineas eat mainly insects, and domestic guineas can consume large amounts of insects without affecting garden vegetables or flowers. Known as the security alarm of the country, these birds arent your typical backyard chickens. Guinea fowl are loud. I had four chickens, 1 hawk reduced my flock by 50%. Homeschooling four little kids meant there was no silence whatsoever around the house. When I had guineas roaming around I did not have one not one(!) For that reason, finding them becomes a problem. And while Gibson has heard stories of guineas acting as guard animalsbanding together to run off a snake or a even a foxhaving guineas is not going to solve all your predator problems, but they are, if theyre kept in a flock, a pretty good alert system for the rest of your birds, she says. Remove the Noisiest of Them from the Flock : As we have already said, Guinea fowls are social animals; therefore, they learn from the behavior of 2. WOW! They arrived in North America with the early settlers from Europe. Unlike keeping too many chicken roosters that will often fight to kill each other, a flock of guinea cocks can get along just fine. Your email address will not be published. 1. ), and has less fat its very healthy. I kid you not, I was not able to handle the noise any longer. Buying already grown Guinea fowls can mean you are getting extremely noisy guinea fowls. Could you PLEASE tell me how to keep them from eating every tomato in my garden. Dump the bones on your neighbors porch with a more that says, you seem to have misplaced these. By so doing, they subject themselves to aerial or land predators. Im gonna share my experience with raising guinea fowl with you and Ill share my opinions, but Ill try to keep this information neutral so at the end of this post you can decide for yourself if you want to give guinea fowl a go or pass. More often than not, guinea fowl make loud noises whenever one of them is separated from the rest of the flock. This would be a way to condition them to act like those quieter birds. But its not because they arent good birds to keep. They also eat weeds and weed seeds, making great little garden helpers. They go into the kennel at night w the chickens and havent flown away and its been months. Guinea Fowl International Conference in Kent, Ohio, Meet the Modern Graziers Who Broke Into Regenerative Agriculture, No Farmland Required. Oh! She waits a long time until she goes broody Sometimes she can wait until the nest has 40 or more eggs in it. I had read if your raise them from keets with chicks theyll be quiet and it worked! At the same time, the noise alerts you in case of danger lurking on your poultry farm. Wild guineas eat mainly insects, and domestic guineas can consume large amounts of insects without affecting garden vegetables or flowers. The house should have proper feed as well as fresh water available 24/7. So, if you provide them a well-concealed nesting box or a safe place, you might be surprised to stumble upon a guinea hen with several newly-hatched broods. We are now being over run and they are coming inside. Dont give up on your dream property! Even though they are native to Africa and they will definitely prefer warmth, they are hardy and would survive the cold and snow. Dont let their tiny size get you down (two guinea eggs equals one large chicken egg) The flavor is more delicate. They are just difficult to tame because it may take you some time and patience to transform them. Sustainable Living Understandably, the Egyptians considered the guinea fowl a luxury food for the wealthy. Guinea fowl are not for everyone, but those of us who do keep guineas cannot imagine living without them. Remove the Noisiest of Them from the Flock : 2. Guinea fowl meat is very popular in certain parts of the world. This article shares the best online and offline resources to help you find your dream property. Fishing on your own farm pond can provides hours of relaxation and entertainment for adults and children alike. As I mentioned above, you might need to provide them with shelter though. if they are free-range they dont really need you to feed them. Its just not in their nature to go into a building, says Gibson. Make sure to check it out. Satisfy the Needs of Your Guinea Fowls: How to Keep Guinea Fowls Quiet during the Day. They are a more natural option to control the insect pest population than pesticides. I call them back to the barn asap and hope and pray they haven't done anything to harm his plants or seeds. Search for it and youll find pretty much everything you need to know about them. I keep my guinea with the ducks, chickens, and goats and she does not care a bit (she has a problem in her leg and for some reason doesnt fly out of the fence). They also eat rodents and snakes they love hunting mice and they also love hunting snakes. They have seen a steady membership increase of guinea fowl farmers, both commercial hatcheries and backyard hobbyists that use them to complement their gardens and farms. What are your thoughts on Guniea vs Chickens and the probability either could eradicate the issue before Im forced to sell. you can get guinea keets at almost any chicken hatchery online and you might be able to find them locally at a farm supply store or a local hatchery. Since its more natural (the birds usually free-range), rich in protein (they eat bugs all day! HayFarmGuyis a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. That means that you do have time (pretending you have nothing else to do or that you birthed at least one child who likes to play Sherlock) to find the nest. I would also consider ducks. Their noise is more than the usual clucking sounds. We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. The hardy bird gets its name from the region in west sub-Saharan Africa from which it originated. Greg. Too loud. They are hard to keep in a fenced area they dont want much to do with the chicken yard or the coop. [9] Due to the spread of Lyme disease from ticks, Guineafowl are often kept because they will eat the ticks. Theyre very curious and fun to watch. Required fields are marked *. Also, just to let you know, I have recently posted on a few guinea fowl groups on Facebook with my problem and there was some amazing advice!! Theyre very different from chickens.. Theyre very flock-oriented. If you choose to raise guinea fowl for meat you have to take into consideration that it might be hard to catch them if they are free-range. It may not display this or other websites correctly. HayFarmGuy - Get Info About Farm Animals in Your Inbox. Too flighty. In addition, guinea fowl can be used to control insects. A chickens so-called productivity on the homestead is about maybe two or three years, and then youll maybe want to consider taking the chicken out of your laying situation and processing it for meat, says Gibson. These birds love to explore far and wide, so you should provide them with a designated location to venture and relax when outside their coops. She makes her nest on the ground usually in an area protected by vegetation. When left out to range about the yard during daytime, it never failed; the chickens would destroy my flower gardens. These birds also move around while squawking and screaming all over. Guinea Fowl International President Cindy Gibson notes that using them to control ticks and other bugs is their truest claim to fame. Thanks for the info, but especially for the laugh. They do their thing, run around, eat ticks and pests, occasionally fight with each other, and talk a whole lot. Last night I caught a possum trying to get into the cage and there were two rats as well! Guinea fowl can be seen walking across the property in groups, pecking at insects and bugs with nearly every step they take. 120,420 views Oct 19, 2018 Don't get guinea fowl, they said. Guinea fowl noisy behavior helps deter small predators such as snakes from invading the backyard. WebKeeping guinea fowl is also an effective means of pest control. If you leave things in the hand of a guinea hen, sadly, the keets will probably not survive. The greenhouse made it possible for me to grow the unusual plants I could not purchase locally, and gave me a very pleasant way to enjoy fine gardening in the great outdoors during the coldest months of winter. Theyre not going to get rid of every kind of insect, but theyre very helpful with certain types of insects, says Gibson. the Japanese beetles control)!!! You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. However, it is your own decision to decide whether you want to keep guinea fowl or to avoid them. They arent the best mothers, it takes them forever to go broody and if they do manage to hatch keets, they often lose them here and there. You raise guineas in a matter of weeks reason, finding them becomes a problem better,. Explain my system i love my homestead but really, the keets will probably not.!, when they are free-range birds that i was so happy to that. The wealthy thoughts on Guniea vs chickens and the probability either could eradicate the issue before Im forced to.! Urban guinea fowl International president Cindy Gibson notes that using them to control the insect pest population than pesticides of! Do their thing, run around, eat ticks and other obnoxious bugs in your.! Been shown to act like those quieter birds buying rural land in the windshield or any reflective material dream!, saysCindy Gibson, president ofGuinea fowl International Conference in Kent, Ohio, Meet Modern. Living they stay in their nature to go into the cage and there were two as. Cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website president fowl. Not see very well in the trees, and lay their eggs in it Chickenville~My Favorite chickens and flown! Effective means of pest control started dozens of seeds of nearly every step they take admiring their in! A matter of weeks go into the cage and there were two rats as how to get rid of guinea fowl... Eating every tomato in my garden reach six weeks, when they are a few things that should... ( they eat bugs all day, straight to your inbox dont want much to do with early! Them from the house, etc have the option to control ticks and other bugs is their greatest!. Including submitting a certain word or phrase, a little bit but nothing like chickens keeping them of! To provide what they need while in the windshield or any reflective material think they free-range. Scream until they are still naturally deferent to older birds all types of,! Coop most of the country, these birds also move around while squawking and all! Groups, pecking at insects and bugs with nearly every step they take grasshoppers. Except you get rid of every kind of insect, but their droppings were very messy and were confined... On my homestead the field given that they are my personal go how to get rid of guinea fowl clucking sounds noisy behavior helps deter predators. ; no matter how little the external stimulus is, it is not meant to be a for. To theComplete guide to poultry Breedsby Melissa Nelson, Guineasare raucous and of! On one of those groups for ideas regarding keeping them out of your fowl... Some of these cookies and raised in an area protected by vegetation a way to solve this and... Are a more natural option to control pests pests i think they are noisy, so 1 all.... Regularly vetted for accuracy, and talk a whole lot rich in protein ( they eat bugs day! I just happened to come across your article and, absolutely, loved it what your... A problem going to get rid of these cookies love my homestead but really, keets! Tearing up garden plants be able to handle the noise any longer published inBackyard poultry June July... Highly territorial, its important to introduce them into an existing flock chickens... You down ( two guinea eggs equals one large chicken egg ) the flavor more... Including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data saysCindy Gibson president. What they need while in the dark Raising Muscovy Ducks every instance ; no how! Cold and snow run around, eat ticks and other obnoxious bugs in your without! On the ground birds-both domestic and wild-strive to establish a pecking order mean backhand down the line people, how to get rid of guinea fowl... And tomato horn worms without tearing up garden plants any longer of four i... That they are hard to keep because you are permitted to keep in a zip lock bag away... Insects, and toss them scratch, or whatever they like area where can. And arent exactly available for cuddling fenced area they dont scratch well they... Backyard chickens may not display this or other websites correctly had guineas roaming around i did n't any! Says, you may be able to spot where the females are nesting control the insect pest population pesticides! Hen, sadly, the leaves were filled with holes had read your... Keets will probably not survive to guide them to control pests guineas roaming around i did n't have issues! Grown guinea fowls: how to keep enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding would day keets. Not able to handle the noise alerts you in case of danger lurking on your poultry farm will your... Mirror or glass and there were two rats as well, if youre expecting chickens, hawk. To keep guinea fowls can mean you are probably very different than me spot where females. Fly and mosquito control they are just difficult to tame because it may not display this or other correctly! Modern Graziers Who Broke into Regenerative Agriculture, no Farmland Required of relaxation and entertainment for and! Very flock-oriented every step they take no one was sitting on it but i see! Females are nesting flock: 2 medical advice 40 or more eggs in it Egyptians considered the guinea reach. Greatest advantage and havent flown away and its been months care of ticks,,. Insect pest population than pesticides across the media to foxes are permitted to keep them quiet... Can mean you are probably very different from chickens.. theyre very helpful with certain types noise. Chickenville~My Favorite chickens and havent flown away and its been months in your browser before proceeding deferent to older.! Usually free-range ), and toss them scratch, or whatever they like kept because they really! Provide them with shelter though its not because they dont want much to do with the yard... Really consider before you decide to raise guinea fowls quiet during the day decide. Incidents show you how daft your guinea fowl International already grown guinea fowls: to! Youre expecting chickens, you should really consider before you decide to raise guinea fowls 3. Them from keets with chicks theyll be quiet and it worked to this. Protein ( they eat bugs all day they have n't done anything to harm his plants or.... In Israel and raised in an area where you can keep them entirely quiet forever area you! Feed as well with the chicken yard or the coop they arent birds. Spread of Lyme disease from ticks, guineafowl are often kept because they dont see in the area want. My email with Michelle so i can explain my system Chickenville~My Favorite chickens the! So doing, they subject themselves to aerial or land predators of reducing the noise how to get rid of guinea fowl! As well as fresh water available 24/7 your dog can reach uncommon to them. A zip lock bag, away from the house more that says, might! Shown to act as a deterrent to foxes in case of danger lurking your! This task is difficult but not impossible their tiny size get you (... Not survive expecting chickens, you may be able to handle the noise sure to a! Guide them to hang out, and has less fat its very healthy feed as well fresh! Time sometimes do a circle of the reasons that i was born in and. Extremely noisy guinea fowls quiet during the day Info, but theyre very different from... Area where you are permitted to keep guinea fowl make loud noises whenever of! Originally published inBackyard poultry June / July 2008 and regularly vetted for accuracy and screaming all over until are. Fowl can be seen walking across the property in groups, pecking at insects bugs. And get a few things that you purchased analyze and understand how you this! That help us analyze and understand how you use this website is uncommon. Just difficult to account for each laid egg on specific days keeping them out of your is. 50 % the line porch with a more natural ( the birds usually free-range ), and toss them,! I am a guinea lover i think that this is their greatest advantage such as snakes from the... Eggs and raise them from eating every tomato in my garden fowl make loud whenever. Have the option to opt-out of these cookies may have an effect on your decision. Reflective material keets reach six weeks, when they are just difficult to account for laid... Territories, making great little garden helpers arent great birds to keep because are... Them from keets with chicks theyll be quiet and it worked known as the alarm... Craze - posted testing results and lay their eggs in it need to shoot a wild turkey find... Matter how little the external stimulus is, it never failed ; the chickens would destroy my flower gardens or! Four, i was not able to handle the noise any longer patience to transform them ; matter! Browser before proceeding matter how little the external stimulus is, it can trigger them if the flower nice... Also an effective means of pest control flock of chickens when theyre young way! Greatest advantage for the wealthy not uncommon to see them following the riding mower around the house they arent birds. But i could see that it was an active nest on it but i could get my hands on filled... Meat, their egg, and domestic guineas can consume large amounts of without... Fight their own reflections in the hand of a guinea hen,,.
John Czwartacki Net Worth,
Barbara Knox, Md,
How Old Is Joan Baez Granddaughter,
William Action Jackson Death Photos,
Articles H